Measuring the Burden of Infodemics: Summary of the Methods and Results of the Fifth WHO Infodemic Management Conference

Elisabeth Wilhelm   ^{1 *} , MA ;   Isabella Ballalai   ^{2 *} , MD ;   Marie-Eve Belanger   ^{3 *} , PhD ;   Peter Benjamin   ^{4 *} , MPH, MD ;   Catherine Bertrand-Ferrandis   ^{5 *} , DVM ;   Supriya Bezbaruah   ^{6 *} , PhD ;   Sylvie Briand   ^{6 *} , MD, PhD ;   Ian Brooks   ^{7 *} , PhD ;   Richard Bruns   ^{8 *} , PhD ;   Lucie M Bucci   ^{9 *} , MA ;   Neville Calleja   ^{10 *} , MD, PhD ;   Howard Chiou   ^{1, 11 *} , MD, PhD ;   Abhinav Devaria   ^{12 *} , MS ;   Lorena Dini   ^{13 *} , MScIH, PhD ;   Hyjel D'Souza   ^{12 *} , BSc ;   Adam G Dunn   ^{14 *} , PhD ;   Johannes C Eichstaedt   ^{15, 16 *} , PhD ;   Silvia M A A Evers   ^{17 *} , LLM, PhD ;   Nina Gobat   ^{18 *} , PhD ;   Mika Gissler   ^{19 *} , MSocSci, DrPhil ;   Ian Christian Gonzales   ^{20 *} , MD ;   Anatoliy Gruzd   ^{21 *} , PhD ;   Sarah Hess   ^{6 *} , MPH ;   Atsuyoshi Ishizumi   ^{6 *} , MSc ;   Oommen John   ^{12 *} , MD, PhD ;   Ashish Joshi   ^{22 *} , MBBS, MPH, PhD ;   Benjamin Kaluza   ^{23 *} , PhD ;   Nagwa Khamis   ^{24 *} , MD ;   Monika Kosinska   ^{25 *} , MA ;   Shibani Kulkarni   ^{1 *} , MPH, PhD ;   Dimitra Lingri   ^{26 *} , LLM ;   Ramona Ludolph   ^{6 *} , MPH, PhD ;   Tim Mackey   ^{27 *} , MAS, PhD ;   Stefan Mandić-Rajčević   ^{28 *} , MD, PhD ;   Filippo Menczer   ^{29 *} , PhD ;   Vijaybabu Mudaliar   ^{12 *} , BPharma, PGDCRM, MS ;   Shruti Murthy   ^{12 *} , BDS, MPH, PhD ;   Syed Nazakat   ^{30 *} , MA ;   Tim Nguyen   ^{6 *} , MS ;   Jennifer Nilsen   ^{31 *} , MPP ;   Elena Pallari   ^{32 *} , PhD ;   Natalia Pasternak Taschner   ^{33, 34 *} , PhD ;   Elena Petelos   ^{35, 36 *} , MPH, PhD ;   Mitchell J Prinstein   ^{37, 38 *} , PhD ;   Jon Roozenbeek   ^{39 *} , PhD ;   Anton Schneider   ^{40 *} , AB ;   Varadharajan Srinivasan   ^{12 *} , MPhil ;   Aleksandar Stevanović   ^{28 *} , MD ;   Brigitte Strahwald   ^{41 *} , MSc, Mmel ;   Shabbir Syed Abdul   ^{12, 42 *} , PhD ;   Sandra Varaidzo Machiri   ^{43 *} , MPH ;   Sander van der Linden   ^{39 *} , PhD ;   Christopher Voegeli   ^{44 *} , MPH, PhD ;   Claire Wardle   ^{45 *} , PhD ;   Odette Wegwarth   ^{46 *} , PhD ;   Becky K White   ^{6 *} , PhD ;   Estelle Willie   ^{47 *} , MPH ;   Brian Yau   ^{6 *} , BSc ;   Tina D Purnat   ^{6 *} , MSc

¹ US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States

² Brazilian Inmunization Society, São Paulo-SP, Brazil

³ Department of Political Science and International Relations, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland

⁴ HealthEnabled, Cape Town, South Africa

⁵ Olylo, Paris, France

⁶ Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

⁷ Center for Health Informatics, School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, United States

⁸ Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, Baltimore, MD, United States

⁹ Immunize Canada, Canadian Public Health Association, Ottawa, ON, Canada

¹⁰ Directorate for Health Information and Research, Ministry for Health, Valletta, Malta

¹¹ US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, United States

¹² The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India

¹³ Working Group Health Policy and Systems Research and Innovation, Institute for General Practice, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

¹⁴ Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

¹⁵ Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States

¹⁶ Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States

¹⁷ Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands

¹⁸ Department of Country Readiness Strengthening, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

¹⁹ Department of Knowledge Brokers, THL Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

²⁰ Field Epidemiology Training Program, Epidemiology Bureau, Department of Health, Manila, Philippines

²¹ Ted Rogers School of Management, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada

²² Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States

²³ Department Technological Analysis and Strategic Planning, Fraunhofer Institute for Technological Trend Analysis INT, Euskirchen, Germany

²⁴ Infection Prevention and Control Department, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt-57357, Ain Shams University Specialized Hospital, Cairo, Egypt

²⁵ Department of Social Determinants, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

²⁶ European Healthcare Fraud and Corruption Network, Aristotle Universtity of Thessaloniki, Brussels, Belgium

²⁷ Global Health Program, Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States

²⁸ Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, RS

²⁹ Observatory on Social Media, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States

³⁰ DataLEADS (Health Analytics Asia), New Delhi, India

³¹ Technology and Social Change Project, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States

³² Health Innovation Network, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom

³³ Center of Science and Society, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States

³⁴ Instituto Questão de Ciência, São Paulo, Brazil

³⁵ Department of Health Services Research, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands

³⁶ Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece

³⁷ American Psychological Association, Washington DC, DC, United States

³⁸ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States

³⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

⁴⁰ Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, DC, United States

⁴¹ Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany

⁴² Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

⁴³ African Field Epidemiology Network, Harare, Zimbabwe

⁴⁴ Office of the Director, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States

⁴⁵ Information Futures Lab, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States

⁴⁶ Heisenberg Chair for Medical Risk Literacy & Evidence-Based Decisions, Charite – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

⁴⁷ Communications, Policy, Advocacy, The Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY, United States

*all authors contributed equally