A Public Health Research Agenda for Managing Infodemics: Methods and Results of the First WHO Infodemiology Conference

Neville Calleja   ^{1 *} , MD, PhD ;   AbdelHalim AbdAllah   ^{2 *} , BA ;   Neetu Abad   ^{3 *} , PhD ;   Naglaa Ahmed   ^{4 *} , PhD ;   Dolores Albarracin   ^{5 *} , PhD ;   Elena Altieri   ^{6 *} , MA, MBA ;   Julienne N Anoko   ^{7 *} , PhD, MPH ;   Ruben Arcos   ^{8 *} , PhD ;   Arina Anis Azlan   ^{9 *} , PhD ;   Judit Bayer   ^{10, 11 *} , PhD, Habil ;   Anja Bechmann   ^{12 *} , PhD ;   Supriya Bezbaruah   ^{13 *} , MPH, PhD ;   Sylvie C Briand   ^{14 *} , MD, MPH, PhD ;   Ian Brooks   ^{15 *} , PhD ;   Lucie M Bucci   ^{16 *} , MA ;   Stefano Burzo   ^{17 *} , MA ;   Christine Czerniak   ^{14 *} , PhD ;   Manlio De Domenico   ^{18 *} , PhD ;   Adam G Dunn   ^{19 *} , PhD ;   Ullrich K H Ecker   ^{20 *} , PhD ;   Laura Espinosa   ^{21 *} , MPH, DVM ;   Camille Francois   ^{22 *} , PhD ;   Kacper Gradon   ^{23 *} , PhD, Hab ;   Anatoliy Gruzd   ^{24 *} , PhD ;   Beste Sultan Gülgün   ^{25 *} , MSc ;   Rustam Haydarov   ^{26 *} , MSc ;   Cherstyn Hurley   ^{27 *} , MA ;   Santi Indra Astuti   ^{28 *} , MSi ;   Atsuyoshi Ishizumi   ^{3, 29 *} , MPH, MSc ;   Neil Johnson   ^{30 *} , PhD ;   Dylan Johnson Restrepo   ^{30 *} ;   Masato Kajimoto   ^{31 *} , PhD ;   Aybüke Koyuncu   ^{3 *} , MPH ;   Shibani Kulkarni   ^{3, 29 *} , MPH, PhD ;   Jaya Lamichhane   ^{14 *} , MA, MBA ;   Rosamund Lewis   ^{32 *} , MDCM, MSc ;   Avichal Mahajan   ^{14 *} , PhD ;   Ahmed Mandil   ^{4 *} , MBChB, DrPH ;   Erin McAweeney   ^{22 *} , PhD ;   Melanie Messer   ^{33 *} , MA, RN, DrPH ;   Wesley Moy   ^{34 *} , MBA, MSSI, MSS, PhD ;   Patricia Ndumbi Ngamala   ^{35 *} , PhD ;   Tim Nguyen   ^{14 *} , MSc ;   Mark Nunn   ^{36 *} , MA ;   Saad B Omer   ^{37 *} , MD, PhD ;   Claudia Pagliari   ^{38 *} , PhD ;   Palak Patel   ^{3, 29 *} , MBBS, MPH ;   Lynette Phuong   ^{14 *} , MPH ;   Dimitri Prybylski   ^{3 *} , MPH, PhD ;   Arash Rashidian   ^{4 *} , PhD ;   Emily Rempel   ^{39 *} , MSc, PhD ;   Sara Rubinelli   ^{40, 41 *} , PhD ;   PierLuigi Sacco   ^{42, 43 *} , PhD ;   Anton Schneider   ^{44 *} , BA ;   Kai Shu   ^{45 *} , PhD ;   Melanie Smith   ^{22 *} , PhD ;   Harry Sufehmi   ^{46 *} , MSc ;   Viroj Tangcharoensathien   ^{47 *} , PhD ;   Robert Terry   ^{48 *} , MPhil, PhD ;   Naveen Thacker   ^{49 *} , MD ;   Tom Trewinnard   ^{50 *} , MBA ;   Shannon Turner   ^{51, 52 *} , MSc, PhD ;   Heidi Tworek   ^{53 *} , PhD ;   Saad Uakkas   ^{54 *} , MD ;   Emily Vraga   ^{55 *} , PhD ;   Claire Wardle   ^{56 *} , PhD ;   Herman Wasserman   ^{57 *} , PhD ;   Elisabeth Wilhelm   ^{3 *} , MSc ;   Andrea Würz   ^{21 *} , MA ;   Brian Yau   ^{58 *} , BSc ;   Lei Zhou   ^{59 *} , MD ;   Tina D Purnat   ^{35 *} , MSc

¹ Directorate for Health Information & Research, Ministry for Health, Valetta, Malta

² WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo

³ US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States

⁴ WHO Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt

⁵ Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States

⁶ Department of Communications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

⁷ WHO Regional Office for Africa, Dakar, Senegal

⁸ Department of Communication Sciences and Sociology, Communication Sciences Faculty, University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain

⁹ Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia

¹⁰ Department of Communication, Budapest Economics University (BGE), Budapest, Hungary

¹¹ Institute for Information, Telecommunications and Media Law, University of Münster (WWU), Münster, Germany

¹² DATALAB - Center for Digital Social Research, School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

¹³ WHO Regional Office for South East Asia, New Delhi, India

¹⁴ Department of Infectious Hazards Management, Emergency Preparedness Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

¹⁵ Center for Health Informatics, School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States

¹⁶ Immunize Canada, Canadian Public Health Association, Ottawa, ON, Canada

¹⁷ Department of Political Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

¹⁸ CoMuNe Lab, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Povo, Italy

¹⁹ Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

²⁰ School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

²¹ European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden

²² Graphika, New York, NY, United States

²³ Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom

²⁴ Ted Rogers School of Management, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada

²⁵ Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey

²⁶ UNICEF Headquarters, New York, NY, United States

²⁷ Immunisation and Countermeasures Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom

²⁸ The Faculty of Communication Science, Bandung Islamic University (UNISBA), Bandung, Indonesia

²⁹ Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States

³⁰ Department of Physics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States

³¹ Journalism and Media Studies Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

³² Emergency Preaparedness Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

³³ Faculty I, Department of Nursing Science II, Trier University, Trier, Germany

³⁴ Advanced Academic Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, United States

³⁵ Department of Digital Health and Innovation, Science Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

³⁶ Independent writer and rapporteur, London, United Kingdom

³⁷ Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States

³⁸ Usher Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

³⁹ British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada

⁴⁰ Department of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland

⁴¹ Swiss Paraplegic Research, Lucerne, Switzerland

⁴² Department of Humanities Studies, Free University of Languages and Communication IULM, Milan, Italy

⁴³ metaLAB (at) Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States

⁴⁴ Office of Infectious Disease, Global Health Bureau, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, DC, United States

⁴⁵ Computer Science Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States

⁴⁶ Masyarakat Anti Fitnah Indonesia (MAFINDO), Jakarta, Indonesia

⁴⁷ International Health Policy Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand

⁴⁸ Science Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

⁴⁹ Deep Children Hospital and Research Centre, Gandhidham, India

⁵⁰ Fathm, London, United Kingdom

⁵¹ Public Health Association of British Columbia, Victoria, BC, Canada

⁵² Vaccine Safety Net (VSN), Geneva, Switzerland

⁵³ Department of History, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

⁵⁴ Faculty of Medicine, Mohamed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco

⁵⁵ Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States

⁵⁶ First Draft News, New York, NY, United States

⁵⁷ Centre for Film and Media Studies, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

⁵⁸ Department of Regulation and Prequalification, Access to Medicines and Health Products Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

⁵⁹ Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China

*all authors contributed equally