Measurement, Characterization, and Mapping of COVID-19 Misinformation in Spain: Cross-Sectional Study

Javier Alvarez-Galvez   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Carolina Lagares-Franco   ³ , PhD ;   Esther Ortega-Martin   ¹ , MSc ;   Helena De Sola   ² , PhD ;   Antonio Rojas-García   ⁴ , PhD ;   Paloma Sanz-Marcos   ⁵ , PhD ;   José Almenara-Barrios   ⁶ , PhD ;   Angelos P Kassianos   ⁷ , PhD ;   Ilaria Montagni   ⁸ , PhD ;   María Camacho-García   ¹ , MSc ;   Maribel Serrano-Macías   ¹ , PhD ;   Jesús Carretero-Bravo   ⁹ , PhD

¹ Computational Social Science DataLab (CS2 DataLab), University Institute for Sustainable Social Development (INDESS), University of Cadiz, Jerez de la Frontera (Cadiz), Spain

² Department of General Economy (Sociology), University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain

³ Department of Statistic and Operative Research, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain

⁴ Department of Behavioural Science Methodology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

⁵ Department of Marketing and Communication, University of Cadiz, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain

⁶ Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain

⁷ Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus

⁸ Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Université de Bordeaux - Inserm, Bordeaux, France

⁹ Department of Quantitative Methods, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain